Weekly SSRN Tax Article Review And Roundup: Saito Reviews The Conflictual Core Of Global Tax Cooperation By Oei & Ring

This week, Blaine Saito (Ohio State; Google Scholar) reviews a new work by Diane M. Ring (Boston College; Google Scholar) & Shu-Yi Oei (Duke; Google Scholar), The Conflictual Core of Global Tax Cooperation.

In Momentum has grown around Pillar Two created through the OECD/G20’s inclusive framework. But this growing moment of unity masks the conflict between developed countries and developing countries. In their piece, The Conflictual Core of Global Tax Cooperation, Shu-Yi Oei and Diane Ring shows how developing country critics of the inclusive framework and Pillar Two and developed country proponents of it seem to talk past each other. They also show that international tax issues need to fall within the broader frames of tensions between developing and developed nations that exist outside of tax as well.

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Weekly SSRN Tax Article Review And Roundup: Saito Reviews Competing Narratives On OIRA Review Of Tax Regulations By Hickman & Dooling

This week, Blaine Saito (Ohio State; Google Scholar) reviews a new work by Kristin E. Hickman (Minnesota; Google Scholar) & Bridget C.E. Dooling (Ohio State; Google Scholar), Competing Narratives in OIRA Review of Tax Regulations, 19 J.L. Econ. & Pol’y __ (2024):

In 2023, the Biden Administration issued a Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) that exempted all tax regulations from OIRA review. Many, including readers of this blog, hailed this undoing. But in Competing Narratives on OIRA Review of Tax Regulations, Kristine E. Hickman and Bridget C.E. Dooling show that what is at play are two competing narratives. One sees OIRA review as salutary and creating greater transparency, accountability, and rigorous analysis. The other views it as meddlesome to tax regulations. They show that the second narrative stems from some key misconceptions about OIRA review of tax regulations.

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Weekly SSRN Tax Article Review And Roundup: Saito Reviews Kern’s Progressive Taxation For The World

This week, Blaine Saito (Ohio State; Google Scholar) reviews a new work by Adam Kern (NYU), Progressive Taxation for the World, 74 Tax L. Rev. __ (2024): 

A growing set of voices in tax scholarship are seeking to reemphasize notions of justice. But one of the areas where many of these discussions have traditionally faltered is in the area of international taxation. Many commentators argue that justice really can only happen within a given state and society, not across the world. In his piece, Progressive Taxation for the World, Adam Kern seeks to rebut these ideas, showing that when countries act in the international tax arena to grab more taxing rights for themselves, the justice claims of the poorest countries are actually heightened. He also urges for notions of international taxation where needs of people are given a greater place than economic contributions of a given jurisdiction. The piece forces us to grapple with why we continue then to ignore such claims in our thinking and policymaking.

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Weekly SSRN Tax Article Review And Roundup: Saito Reviews Dagan’s Tax and Globalization: Toward a New Social Contract

This week, Blaine Saito (Ohio State; Google Scholar) reviews a new work by Tsilly Dagan (Oxford; Google Scholar), Tax and Globalization: Toward a New Social Contract: 

Political theory has often struggled in trying to determine what justice requires across the borders of nation-states. In her piece Tax and Globalization: Toward a New Social Contract, Tsilly Dagan addresses these thorny issues in the context of taxation. In doing so, she shows that one of the great difficulties that tax, and indeed all areas of law, face under globalization, is to ensure that people’s liberties to leave political communities are balanced carefully with the needs of justice for those who are not so mobile. In doing so, she provides a framework for us to think about what justice and social contract theories demand in a globalized world.

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Weekly SSRN Tax Article Review And Roundup: Saito Reviews Bearer-Friend’s Paying For Reparations

This week, Blaine Saito (Ohio State; Google Scholar) reviews a new work by Jeremy Bearer-Friend (George Washington; Google Scholar), Paying for Reparations: How to Capitalize a Multi-Trillion Reparations Fund, 67 How. L.J. __ (2024).

Even well-meaning liberals who support the idea in concept find reparations for slavery a difficult issue because question where we would get the money. The costs of paying the descendants of those enslaved, even on a conservative estimate, stems in the trillions of dollars. In his piece, Paying for Reparations, Jeremy Bearer-Friend proposes a novel solution; we can pay for it through a proportionate equity share of large businesses in the U.S. The piece builds on his prior work on in-kind taxation. The article produces a thoughtful outline toward quickly capitalizing a trillion-dollar reparation fund.

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Weekly SSRN Tax Article Review And Roundup: Saito Reviews The 16th Amendment And Congress’s Income Tax Power By Brooks & Gamage

This week, Blaine Saito (Ohio State; Google Scholar) reviews a new work by John R. Brooks (Fordham; Google Scholar) & David Gamage (Indiana-Maurer; Google Scholar), “From Whatever Source Derived”: The Sixteenth Amendment and Congress’s Income Tax Power:

Like many of our readers, I am following the Supreme Court case of Moore v. United States. In their piece “From Whatever Source Derived”: The Sixteenth Amendment and Congress’s Income Tax Power, John R. Brooks and David Gamage makes a series of compelling arguments. First, the piece shows that the original understanding of the Sixteenth Amendment allowed for an income tax that included potential taxes on unrealized gains. They unearth new evidence in support of this view. Second, the piece argues that in light of Eisner v. Macomber, the Sixteenth Amendment has three potential views on “taxes on income”: “(1) the realization-based conception, (2) the presumptive-measurement conception, and (3) the economic-gains conception.” They show that under almost any conception, except for the economic-gains conception, a wealth tax could arise. Instead, the main result of the realization-based conception that the Moore petitioners advocate is to introduce chaos.

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Weekly SSRN Tax Article Review And Roundup: Saito Reviews Sarkar’s Internal Revenue’s External Borders

This week, Blaine Saito (Ohio State; Google Scholar) reviews a new work by Shayak Sarkar (UC-Davis; Google Scholar), Internal Revenue's External Borders, 112 Calif. L. Rev __ (2024).

When asked does the IRS aid Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) and other authorities that seek to remove undocumented immigrants, my reflexive response is no. After all, that undermines many of the goals of the tax system from revenue collection to the provision of social welfare programs. But in his piece, Internal Revenue’s External Borders, 112 Calif. L. Rev. ___ (2024). Shayak Sakar shows how the IRS does collaborate in violent immigration raids. It cautions that coordination between the IRS and other agencies is not an unalloyed good. And sometimes our instincts and sense of the protections that the tax system provides can be wrong on the ground.

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Weekly SSRN Tax Article Review And Roundup: Saito Reviews Multibillion-Dollar Tax Questions By Alm, Soled & DeLaney

This week, Blaine Saito (Northeastern; Google Scholar) reviews a new work by James Alm (Tulane; Google Scholar), Jay A. Soled (Rutgers; Google Scholar) & Kathleen DeLaney Thomas (North Carolina; Google Scholar), Multibillion-Dollar Tax Questions, 84 Ohio St. L.J. __ (2023).

The tax gap is an enduring problem. We should raise quite a bit more revenue than is collected by the IRS. Efforts to address the tax gap usually focus on greater audits and enforcement as well as new reporting requirements. But these measures are facing increasing political pressure. One need only look to the vilification of the increase in IRS funding, something for which tax policy experts have long advocated, to see this problem. Given these constraints, what then can we do? James Alm, Jay A. Soled, and Kathleen DeLaney Thomas in their piece, Multibillion Dollar Tax Questions, 84 Ohio St. L.J. __ (2023), say that compliance may be improved by asking the right questions in the right way.

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Weekly SSRN Tax Article Review And Roundup: Saito Reviews Admin Law And The Crisis Of Tax Administration By Galle & Shay

This week, Blaine Saito (Northeastern; Google Scholar) reviews a new work by Brian Galle (Georgetown; Google Scholar) & Stephen Shay (Boston College; Google Scholar), Admin Law and the Crisis of Tax Administration, 101  N.C. L. Rev. __ (2023).

One of the major issues in taxation is the application of administrative law principles, derived from the Administrative Procedure Act (APA) and the case law interpreting it. Scholars like Professor Kristin Hickman have persuasively shown that tax is not exceptional, and the federal courts, starting with Mayo Foundation for Medical Education & Research v. United States, have followed. This author too has fallen closer to the line of applying these administrative law doctrines to the IRS and Treasury’s administrative actions. But in their article, Admin Law and the Crisis of Tax Administration, Professors Brian Galle and Stephen Shay force us to grapple with some of the effects of this revolution. 

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Weekly SSRN Tax Article Review And Roundup: Saito Reviews Scharff And Shanske’s Local Income Taxes In The Era Of Increased Remote Work

This week, Blaine Saito (Northeastern; Google Scholar) reviews a new work by Erin Adele Scharff (Arizona State) & Darien Shanske (UC-Davis; Google Scholar), The Surprisingly Strong Case for Local Income Taxes in the Era of Increased Remote Work, 74 Hastings L.J. __ (2022).

Conventional wisdom and heuristics are often helpful, but when they are not reexamined every so often, they ossify and lead us astray. One of those adages is that U.S. local governments should never use income taxes and only rely on property taxes. But in their piece, The Surprisingly Strong Case or Local Income Taxes in the Era of Increased Remote Work, Erin Adele Scharff and Darien Shanske show that a relatively low and simple local income tax has great benefits to municipal governments.

As noted, numerous people have said that localities should not impose progressive income taxes.

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Weekly SSRN Tax Article Review And Roundup: Saito Reviews Holderness’s Individual Home-Work Assignments For State Taxes

This week, Blaine Saito (Northeastern; Google Scholar) reviews a new work by Hayes Holderness (Richmond), Individual Home-Work Assignments for State Taxes, 98 Wash. L. Rev. ___ (2023).

The COVID-19 pandemic pushed much of work online. But this move to greater remote work raises issues for state taxation of that labor income. In his piece Individual Home-Work Assignments for State Taxes, Hayes Holderness makes a convincing case that the dominant view that the employees’ residency jurisdiction should be the only one able to tax this labor income is misguided. The result is a thoughtful and forceful argument that the states where the employer is located should be allowed to tax remote work income.

Holderness first notes that the Constitution allows the employer’s state, the source state, to tax the income even in a remote work situation. He further argues that it is unlikely that the Supreme Court is going to reverse course and limit source states’ rights to tax this income.

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Weekly SSRN Tax Article Review And Roundup: Saito Reviews Kysar’s Interpreting By The Rules

This week, Blaine Saito (Northeastern; Google Scholar) reviews a new work by Rebecca Kysar (Fordham; Google Scholar), Interpreting by the Rules, 99 Tex. L. Rev. 1115 (2021).

Famed Senate Parliamentarian Floyd Riddick said that “[t]he rules of the Senate are perfect. And if they changed every one of them, the rules will be perfect.”[1] The statement shows how rules define both the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives. Recently, scholars have turned their attention to the rules and process of the legislation as a form of pushback against strict textualist approaches to statutory interpretation. These process-based approaches are often invoked in interpreting tax and mandatory spending statutes. But as Rebecca Kysar shows in her piece, Interpreting by the Rules, such an approach requires context and caution. As Riddick’s quote notes, the rules are malleable, and furthermore, they are made to be broken.

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Weekly SSRN Tax Article Review And Roundup: Saito Reviews Implicit Legislative Bias And The Mortgage Interest Deduction By Osofsky & Thomas

This week, Blaine Saito (Northeastern; Google Scholar) reviews a new work by Leigh Osofsky (North Carolina; Google Scholar) & Kathleen DeLaney Thomas (North Carolina; Google Scholar), Implicit Legislative Bias: The Case of the Mortgage Interest Deduction, 56 U.C. Davis L. Rev. ___ (2022).

Why do so many bad tax policies stick around for so long? The story told is often one of public choice theory and capture. Legislators optimize getting reelected and that leads toward catering to certain interest groups. To be sure, this account does have some explanatory force. But there is often more to the story. Using the mortgage interest deduction (MID) as an example, Leigh Osofsky and Kathleen DeLaney Thomas show that cognitive biases, including implicit racial assumptions and other heuristics, also play a role in keeping this problematic policy. These cognitive biases conspire to create a self-reinforcing system that perpetuates racial inequalities. The article is thus important to broader conversations on how to think about enacting tax policy and for the discussions of racial justice.

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Weekly SSRN Tax Article Review And Roundup: Saito Reviews A New Framework For Digital Taxation By Avi-Yonah, Kim & Sam

This week, Blaine Saito (Northeastern; Google Scholar) reviews a new work by Reuven Avi-Yonah (Michigan; Google Scholar), Christine Kim (Utah; moving to Cardozo; Google Scholar) & Karen Sam (Michigan), A New Framework for Digital Taxation, 63 Harv. Int’l L.J. __ (2022).

Last October, the OECD/G20 announced a global deal that sought to remake the international tax system. Key to that change was the commitment of the many nations, including the U.S. and members of the E.U., to support, in principle, two pillars. Pillar One focused on eliminating physical presence requirements thereby allowing market countries to tax digital platforms. Pillar Two created a minimum tax backstop in residence countries. But as Reuven Avi-Yonah, Young Ran “Christine” Kim, and Karen Sam, show in their article A New Framework for Digital Taxation, forthcoming in the Harvard Journal of International Law, for Pillar One, the declaration of victory is premature. And so-called Digital Service Taxes (DSTs) may not be so terrible either.

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Weekly SSRN Tax Article Review And Roundup: Saito Reviews Davis’s Taxing Choices

This week, Blaine Saito (Northeastern; Google Scholar) reviews a new work by Tessa Davis (South Carolina), Taxing Choices, 15 Fla. Int'l U. L. Rev. __ (2022).

Choice is often bandied about in tax discussion. Indeed, the very notion of marginal effects that taxation is based on the idea of either inducing or avoiding such inducement of choices. We also use choice as a proxy to determine what should count or not count as an item of income or deduction. But as Tessa Davis argues in her piece Taxing Choices, forthcoming in the Florida International University Law Review, there is a choice problem in taxation. Too often, we use choice and related concepts like neutrality, to hide our value judgments and normative frames. In pushing an idea called “choice as heuristic” and in drawing from some of the debates about choice in Contract Law, Davis forces us to rethink what we are doing when we use the concept of choice in our tax discussions.

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Weekly SSRN Tax Article Review And Roundup: Saito Reviews Lederman’s Best Practices In Tax Rulings Transparency

This week, Blaine Saito (Northeastern; Google Scholar) reviews a new work by Leandra Lederman (Indiana-Maurer; Google Scholar), Best Practices In Tax Rulings Transparency.

Justice Brandeis once said that “sunlight is the best disinfectant.” Disclosure and transparency are often important for the legitimacy of government. In her article, Best Practices in Tax Rulings Transparency, Leandra Lederman not only creates a new typology for thinking about the costs of tax rulings in the dark, but also convincingly argues that many of the concerns against broader transparency of tax rulings is weak.

Tax rulings, as described by Lederman are rulings made by a tax authority or authorities to a specific taxpayer based on specific facts. For U.S. readers, the two most known in federal practice are Private Letter Rulings (PLRs), which speak to a specific taxpayer’s transaction, and Advanced Pricing Agreements (APAs), which fixes how the IRS will handle transfer pricing issues for a taxpayer over the course of about 3 to 5 years. In the U.S. context, PLRs are made public after a period with redactions of specifics regarding the taxpayer and their transactions, but APAs in the U.S. are never released widely.

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Weekly SSRN Tax Article Review And Roundup: Saito Reviews Seto’s Modeling The Welfare Effects Of Advertising

This week, Blaine Saito (Northeastern; Google Scholar) reviews a new work by Theodore P. Seto (Loyola-L.A.; Google Scholar), Modeling the Welfare Effects of Advertising: Preference-Shifting Deadweight Loss, 75 Tax L. Rev. ___ (2022).

Advertising is ubiquitous. Ads appear in almost every form of media from newspapers to television. Today, advertising is more powerful, with large tech companies using data collected on their users to create and sell targeted ads. The question for economics, and by extension tax policy, is do these advertisements influence our consumption patterns and how does that affect optimal tax theory. Ted Seto’s new piece, forthcoming in the Tax Law Review, Modeling the Welfare Effects of Advertising: Preference-Shifting Deadweight Loss reveals how the preference-shifting forces us to change our thinking about optimal tax theory.

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Weekly SSRN Tax Article Review And Roundup: Saito Reviews Administering Taxes Democratically By Wallace And Blaylock

This week, Blaine Saito (Northeastern) reviews a new work by Clint Wallace (South Carolina; Google Scholar) & Jeff Blaylock (J.D. 2019, South Carolina), Administering Taxes Democratically?, 94 Temp. L. Rev. __ (2022).

Taxes are both the lifeblood of the state and a major power of the state. Thus, the issue of democratic values intersecting with taxation is one of cardinal import. Administering Taxes Democratically, a forthcoming piece in the Temple Law Review by Clinton Wallace and Jeff Blaylock, looks at a key aspect of that issue, the development of guidance from the Treasury and the IRS. The article adds an important contribution to the conversation regarding the unification of tax law and administrative law. In many ways, the piece is a bit of a cautionary tale of being careful what one wishes for.

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