TaxProf Blog

More on Apple's Tax Planning/Tax Evasion

Following up on my prior posts (links below):

• Bloomberg:  Apple Tax Rate Ignores Profit Shifting Offshore
• Bloomberg:  Apple’s Tax Magic Leaves Irish Bondholders Unmoved
• Bloomberg:  Don't Blame Apple for Keeping Its Money
• Center on Budget and Policy Priorities:  Questions About Apple’s Tax Strategy Highlight Risks of a Territorial Tax System
• The Economist:  Cook Lightly Grilled: The Testimony on Capitol Hill by Apple’s Boss Made the Case for Corporate Tax Reform in More Ways Than One
• Financial Times:  Apple Tax Probe Helps Drive to Build Consensus on Global Regime
• InfoWorld:  Apple: No Tax Gimmick Left Behind
• New York Times:  The Corrosive Effect of Apple’s Tax Avoidance, by Floyd Norris
• New York Times:  The Corporate Tax Dodge, by Steven Ratner
• Tax Foundation:  U.S. Multinationals Paid More Than $100 Billion in Foreign Income Taxes
• USA Today editorial:  Apple Tax Critics Avoiding the Truth
• Washington Post:  Apple’s Tax Ethics: Unpatriotic or Shrewdness in Action? 
• Washington Post:  Have U.S. States Figured Out a Way to Avoid a Global Race to the Bottom on T
• Taxes?

The Daily Show with Jon Stewart
Get More: Daily Show Full Episodes,Indecision Political Humor,The Daily Show on Facebook

Prior TaxProf Blog coverage:

• Senate Holds Hearing Today on Apple's Tax Avoidance:(May 21, 2013)
• More on Apple's Tax Planning (May 22, 2013)
• Victor Fleischer (Colorado), Dear Apple (May 22, 2013)

A Proposal for Handling Digital Assets After Death

Chelsea Ray (J.D. 2013, Oregon), Til Death Do Us Part: A Proposal for Handling Digital Assets After Death, 47 Real Prop. Tr. & Est. L.J. 583 (2013) (First Place, 2012 Real Property, Trust and Estate Law Section Student Writing Competition):

As electronic communication continues to pervade the daily lives of modern individuals and allow us to instantaneously develop and document intellectual property, this Article questions whether states are prepared to protect these digital assets after owners' deaths. Specifically, it discusses whether state legislatures should follow Idaho, Rhode Island, Indiana, Connecticut, and Oklahoma in enacting legislation that protects decedents from identity theft and provides personal representatives with the ability to access decedent online accounts, such as Facebook, Twitter, e-mail, and blogs to identify and dispose of valuable digital property. After analyzing the key problems faced by personal representatives, this Article concludes that legislatures should address issues in this field as soon as practicable and provides a draft uniform act to help direct lawmakers in addressing the complications associated with identifying and disposing of digital assets. Further, until legislatures enact solutions, the author urges that individuals leave specific instructions for the disposal of their digital assets.

One in Six California Law Grads Can't Find Jobs

Sacramento Bee:  One in Six Recent California Law School Grads Can't Find Jobs:

The job market for California law school graduates remains brutal, even as law school tuition rises to new heights.

About 16% of 2012 graduates from California law schools were unemployed and looking for work nine months after graduation, according to new data from the ABA. Many others were underemployed. Only half of law school graduates held full-time jobs requiring a law degree, the data show....

These charts show the unemployment rate among 2012 California law school graduates nine months after graduation

STANFORD	181	1.7%
UC-BERKELEY	312	2.9%
UC-IRVINE	56	5.4%
UCLA	333	5.7%
UC-DAVIS	202	6.1%
SANTA CLARA	298	8.5%
USC	221	8.8%
PEPPERDINE	213	11.0%
SAN DIEGO	327	11.1%
SOUTHWESTERN	324	11.7%
MCGEORGE	306	18.8%
LOYOLA-L.A.	411	20.0%
GOLDEN GATE	186	21.1%
CALIFORNIA WESTERN	283	21.7%
UC-HASTINGS	443	21.8%
CHAPMAN	178	24.2%
WHITTIER	170	24.4%
WESTERN STATE	83	30.3%
LA VERNE	104	30.8%
SAN FRANCISCO	221	31.5%
THOMAS JEFFERSON	260	33.9%

and the percentage of graduates working a full-time job that requires a law degree.

Elkins: Taxation of Barter Transactions

David Elkins (Netanaya College School of Law, Israel), Taxation of Barter Transactions: Theory, Combination Transactions, and Interest-Free Loans:

This is the English abstract of a book recently published by the author in Hebrew entitled Taxation of Barter Transaction: Theory, Combination Transactions, and Interest-Free Loans (Tel-Aviv 2012).

The book (and the attached abstract) first discusses the taxation of barter transactions from a theoretical perspective: the relationship between the taxation of barter transactions and the realization principle; and the identification, classification, and quantification of both income and expenses in barter transaction. The author presents a model to analyze the tax consequences of barter transaction, and he compares and contrasts his model to those in common usage, the 'notional income and expense model” and the 'avoided expenses' model.'

Subsequent parts discuss two specific types of barter transactions. The first is known is Israel as 'combination transactions,' in which a developer constructs a building on property owned by someone else, with the developer and the landowner eventually dividing between them either the apartment units or the proceeds from their sale. The second is interest-free loans. Here the book goes a bit beyond barter transactions. While interest-free loans to service providers are barter transactions (services in exchange for use of money), gift loans and interest-free loans from corporations their shareholders or from shareholders to the corporation are not. Nevertheless, a great deal can be learned by considering the similarities and, more importantly, the differences between these various loans.

Jon Stewart and Steven Colbert on the IRS Scandal

The Daily Show with Jon Stewart
Get More: Daily Show Full Episodes,Indecision Political Humor,The Daily Show on Facebook

The Colbert Report
Get More: Colbert Report Full Episodes,Indecision Political Humor,Video Archive

The IRS Scandal, Day 15

• IRS Executive Announcement, Ken Corbin Has Been Selected to be the Acting Director, Exempt Organizations, Tax Exempt/Government Entities Division
• The Atlantic:  The IRS Scandal Is a Test: Is It Too Hard to Fire Misbehaving Bureaucrats?
• The Atlantic:  The IRS Scandal Isn't About Taxes—It's About Disclosure
• Bloomberg:  IRS Hearings Express Lawmakers’ Outrage With Few Revelations
• CBS News:  IRS Scandal May Reduce Audit Risk
• Forbes:  IRS Takes The Fifth, But You Can't, by Robert W. Wood
• Fox News:  How Political Pressure on the IRS Began
• The Hill:  Coburn: Constituents Linking IRS Audits to Mitt Romney Donations
• The Hill:  IRS's Lerner Placed on Administrative Leave After Refusing to Testify
• Mother Jones:  Who Will Stick Up For the IRS?
• National Law Journal:  IRS Official May Have Unwittingly Lost Right to Silence
• National Review:  Cues from Above: The White House and the IRS, by Charles Krauthammer
• National Review:  Lois Lerner Directly Involved in IRS Targeting, Letters Show
• New York Times:  IRS Suspends Official at Center of Storm
• Politico:  Poll: 42 Percent Rate IRS Job Poor
• Politico:  IRS Official Defies Washington
• Real Clear Politics:  Pelosi Blames "Bush Appointee" For "Politicized" IRS Scandal
• U.S. News & World Report:  IRS-Targeted Group: 'We Want the Truth' Fact-Finding Is the Aim of Conservative Lawsuit Against IRS
• USA Today:  IRS Replaces Official Involved in Tea Party Controversy
• Wall Street Journal op-ed:  A Battering Ram Becomes a Stonewall: The IRS's Leaders Refuse to Account for the Agency's Corruption and Abuse, by Peggy Noonan
• Wall Street Journal:  IRS Places Official at Center of Controversy on Leave
• Washington Post editorial:  Why Did the IRS Stay Silent?
• Washington Post:  How the IRS Scandal Is Like ‘The Simpsons’
• Washington Post:  IRS Official Lois Lerner Placed on Leave Amid Scandal
• Washington Post:  IRS Replaces Official Who Publicly Revealed Targeting of Tea Party Groups
• Washington Post:  The Unwelcome Role of the IRS in Obamacare
• Weekly Standard:  Senators Call for Lois Lerner to Be Fired

Prior TaxProf Blog coverage:

Continue reading "The IRS Scandal, Day 15"

NY Times: In Tax Overhaul Debate, Large vs. Small Companies

New York Times:  In Tax Overhaul Debate, Large vs. Small Companies:

In America’s contentious tax reform debate, it is seen as C-Suite versus Main Street.

Some of the biggest and most powerful companies in the United States are fighting for a cut in the official corporate tax rate, arguing that it is necessary to allow them to compete more effectively in the global market. But the nation’s millions of small businesses fear they will be the ones paying for it. ...

The conflict, which in some ways is even larger than the controversial issue of how to properly tax multinational corporations on their global profits, arises because the vast majority of American businesses, including some large, well-known companies and prominent Wall Street firms, actually do not pay corporate taxes at all.

Beginning in earnest in the 1980s, millions of businesses shed their traditional corporate status to become what are known as pass-through companies. That led to a boon for business, but was a drain on the Treasury.

But what began as a typical Washington dispute between big and small business has been transformed into a fierce lobbying battle that pits some of the richest firms in the country against one another. Some big pass-throughs “are trying to conflate themselves with smaller pass-throughs,” said one official working on tax reform in Washington — so much so that they could be accused of “small business identity theft.”

Business executives have long complained that a traditional corporation’s profits are taxed twice, first at the corporate level, and then again on the dividends received by shareholders. Pass-throughs, by contrast, are allowed to distribute their profits directly to their owners and investors, who then pay federal taxes on their personal income tax schedule.

This arrangement, previously used almost exclusively by partnerships, very small businesses and the self-employed, proved especially attractive after the major 1986 tax overhaul, which cut personal rates below corporate ones. That spurred a vast migration to pass-through status, a shift that has continued up to the present day.

Of the 34 million business tax returns filed in 2009, the most recent data available, 32 million were pass-throughs, representing about 70 percent of net business income, compared with about one-quarter in 1980....

In the 1990s, the introduction of “check the box” tax return procedures sped the growth of pass-through businesses. Other rule changes, allowing companies with more shareholders to qualify and affording investors increased protection against personal liability for their business’s debts, made pass-throughs even more popular — and not only among smaller companies.

“The rules were originally written with small businesses in mind like restaurants, laundromats and small real estate developers,” said Victor Fleischer, a professor at the University of Colorado Law School. “But the same rules are being used by some of the largest companies.”

A recent study by the Congressional Budget Office estimated that the switch by corporations to pass-through status cost the federal government about $76 billion in tax revenue in 2007 alone.

“Crossing the line has been way too easy,” said Chuck Marr, director of federal tax policy at the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities in Washington. “More and more these are very large companies, and they should be paying corporate taxes.”

In 2007, there were almost as many pass-throughs — 15,360 — with revenue exceeding $50 million annually as there were traditional corporations earning that amount.

Commerce Nominee Sails Through Confirmation Hearing Despite Not Reporting $80 Million Income, Offshore Tax Shelters

• Bloomberg:  Pritzker-as-Romney Reverses Parties on Offshore Havens
• Bloomberg:  Pritzker’s $54 Million Fee Paid by Family Trusts Seen as Unique
• Bloomberg:  Pritzker Understated Income, Files Amended Disclosure
• Chicago Sun-Times:  ‘Clerical Error’ Missed $80 Million in Pritzker Income
• CNN:  Pritzker Denies Role in Offshore Tax Accounts
• Wall Street Journal:  Penny Pritzker Understated Income by $80 Million
• Washington Post:  Obama Nominee Penny Pritzker’s $80 Million Mistake
• Washington Times:  Family of Commerce Nominee Penny Pritzker ‘Bet Against America’ With Millions in Offshore Accounts

Prior TaxProf Blog coverage:

• Obama's Commerce Secretary Nominee Draws Fire Over Use of Offshore Tax Shelters (May 3, 2013)

Senate Releases Tax Reform Option Paper on Economic Security

The Senate Finance Committee yesterday released its Seventh Tax Reform Option Paper on Economic Security:

This document is the seventh in a series of papers compiling tax reform options that Finance Committee members may wish to consider as they work towards reforming our nation’s tax system. This compilation is a joint product of the majority and minority staffs of the Finance Committee with input from Committee members’ staffs. ..

The paper ...  outlines the following potential goals for reform in this policy area:

• Minimize the disruption to business practices and employee expectations inherent in any fundamental tax reform;
• Simplify the taxation of retirement savings and health insurance; 
• Increase the number of people with enough resources for an adequate standard of living in retirement, and expand access to health insurance; 
• Maximize the bang-for-the-buck of any tax incentives that are retained or reformed; and
• Develop neutral rules regarding compensation and fringe benefits to ensure that business needs and not tax planning drive compensation decisions, while minimizing compliance costs.

 
The paper lists and expounds upon the following broad policy reform options:

• Limit or eliminate tax preferences for retirement saving;
• Replace deductions, exclusions and credits for retirement savings with a single refundable tax credit;
• Increase retirement savings incentives;
• Attempt to increase effect of tax expenditures for retirement savings on retirement security;
• Simplify process of selecting and administering a plan for employers;
• Establish new plan options for employers;
• Reduce “leakage” from retirement plans;
• Allow more flexibility in distributions from retirement savings accounts;
• Reduce tax expenditures for employer-provided health benefits;
• Modify the Affordable Care Act (ACA);
• Expand the tax benefits for health;
• Expand long-term care benefits;
• Reform excise taxes and other tax provisions that may affect health;
• Reduce tax expenditures for life insurance products;
• Reduce tax expenditures for annuities;
• Limit exclusions for other employee fringe benefits;
• Expand tax preferences for other employee fringe benefits;
• Harmonize employee fringe benefit rules;
• Revise the limits on the deductibility of executive compensation;
• Revise the rules related to non-qualified deferred compensation;
• Revise the rules related to equity-based compensation; and
• Revise the rules related to golden parachute payments to executives upon a change in control.

Knoll & Mason: A Brief Sur-Reply to Graetz & Warren

Michael S. Knoll (Pennsylvania) & Ruth Mason (Connecticut; moving to Virginia), A Brief Sur-Reply to Professors Graetz and Warren, 123 Yale L.J. Online 1 (2013):

We are grateful for the deep engagement by Michael Graetz and Alvin Warren with our article, What Is Tax Discrimination?, which appeared in the print edition of the Yale Law Journal, and for this opportunity to respond to their comments. The Court of Justice of the European Union (ECJ) is charged with deciding whether the laws of European Union (EU) member states violate the fundamental freedoms guaranteed by the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU): the free movement of goods, capital, workers, and services, and the right to establish business across borders. The ECJ frequently has held that tax discrimination violates these fundamental freedoms. Although the ECJ has been aggressive in finding that long-standing member-state tax practices violate the EU prohibition on tax discrimination, its failure to clearly articulate a guiding principle in tax cases has attracted extensive critical commentary. Accordingly, our goals in What Is Tax Discrimination? were to identify the principle behind the ECJ’s interpretation of tax discrimination, to explain that principle in economic terms, and to describe how to apply that principle.

In that article, we argued that the guiding principle behind the prohibition of tax discrimination is the prevention of protectionism (expressed negatively) or the promotion of competition (expressed affirmatively). In other words, the tax-nondiscrimination principle promotes a level playing field between similarly situated economic actors from different member states. We argued that in the direct tax context, the ECJ interprets the fundamental freedoms to require member states to refrain from using taxes to make it more difficult for cross-border actors than for domestic actors to compete for jobs or investments. Thus, we concluded that the ECJ’s interpretation of the fundamental freedoms amounts to requiring what public finance economists call “capital ownership neutrality” (CON). CON is the notion that tax policies should not distort the ownership of assets. (The labor analog of CON is the notion that tax policies should not provide workers from one state with a tax-induced advantage over workers from other member states in securing a job.)

In their fifty-page response to our article, Graetz and Warren raise numerous objections. While we cannot answer all of their objections in these few pages, we will respond briefly to their most serious criticisms. Those criticisms can be divided into two broad categories: criticisms of our interpretation of tax nondiscrimination and criticisms of our proposed application of this interpretation. ...

Continue reading "Knoll & Mason: A Brief Sur-Reply to Graetz & Warren"

Europe Confronts Corporate Tax Evasion

• BBC:  Europe's Push Against Tax Fraud Gains Momentum
• Financial Times:  EU Rushes Out Corporate Tax Transparency Law
• New York Times:  Austria Gives Ground on Banking Secrecy at Meeting of European Union Leaders
• New York Times:  Europe Pushes to Shed Stigma of a Tax Haven
• Wall Street Journal:  Tax Fairness Tops Agenda at European Summit

McEntee: Federal Government Will Spend $500 Million Less on Law Schools in 2013-14

Kyle McEntee (Law School Transparency), The Federal Government’s Massive and Declining Investment in Legal Education:

Nowadays, law students borrow from the Department of Education Direct Loan Program for school. These loans are income-generating assets for the government. As such, I thought it would be interesting to see how large of an investment the federal government presently makes in law schools. ...

I estimate that the federal government invested $4.95 billion in JD students enrolled in ABA-approved law schools during 2011-12; that it invested $4.88 billion in those students during 2012-13; and that it will invest $4.47 billion in 2013-14.

The calculations grow hazier as we move from hard data to estimates, but they are good ballpark figures for the amounts that law students borrowed from the federal government during the past two years, as well as for the amounts they are likely to borrow during the coming year. Two conclusions immediately stick out to me.

First, the federal investment in legal education is a lot. Compared to the $112 billion in federal investment in all of higher education in FY2012, law schools are disproportionately funded. As the conversation heats up about law school economics and student loans, and whether the federal government thinks such an investment is justified or fair, the estimates provide an idea about the magnitude of the federal government investment.

Second, law schools have a lot less money to spend and it is only going to get worse this coming year. My estimates for 2012-13 and 2013-14 suggest that fewer students are enrolling and that they are paying less tuition. The largest law school class ever enrolled just graduated and it will be replaced by the smallest class in 40 or so years. To enroll the upcoming class, schools will also likely offer larger discounts than ever before—a number that has been growing very quickly. My projections suggest that law students will borrow $480 million less during 2013-14 than in 2011-12 from the federal government. That’s a loss of almost a half billion dollars caused by lower enrollment and heavily discounted tuition. Information can do wonders, even in a dysfunctional market.

Schools may make up for some lost revenue through non-JD programs, which continue to expand unregulated and quickly. Others will have to cut costs. Most law schools will survive, but they have difficult decisions ahead.

Blattmachr, Kamin & Bergman: Powers of Appointment: Estate Planning's Most Powerful Tool

Jonathan G. Blattmachr (Eagle River Advisors, New York), Kim Kamin (Schiff Hardin, Chicago) & Jeffrey M. Bergman (Schiff Hardin, Chicago), Estate Planning's Most Powerful Tool: Powers of Appointment Refreshed, Redefined, and Reexamined, 47 Real Prop. Tr.& Est. L.J. 529 (2013):

One of the most versatile tools estate planners have at their disposal is the power of appointment. Despite its wide use, the benefits and limitations of the power of appointment are not widely understood. This Article discusses those benefits and limitations, and instructs how to use the power of appointment to achieve the intended disposition of the donor or testator, including drafting techniques for both general and special powers of appointment either exercisable presently or in the future. Finally, this Article discusses how to use powers of appointment to “decant” trust assets from one trust to another, reducing the tax consequences of trust dispositions.

Sullivan: The Transformation of the Legal Profession and Legal Education

E. Thomas Sullivan (President, University of Vermont; former Provost and Senior Vice President, University of Minnesota; former Dean, University of Minnesota Law School; former Dean, University of Arizona College of Law; and former Chair, ABA Section of Legal Education), 2012 James P. White Lecture on Legal Education: The Tranformation of the Legal Profession and Legal Education, 46 Ind. L. Rev. 145 (2013):

For many years, critics have sounded the alarm that the pyramid structure of America’s largest private law firms was not a financially sustainable model. This model may well have served the leadership and senior partners of the large law firms for many years, but no student of efficiency would have embraced the high-pay associate model for the high-reward partner benefit as sustainable in the long-term. The 2008 recession broke the back on that well-worn model when the clients of private law firms made clear that they were no longer going to pay the high fees that supported the pyramid model. As a result, the practice and financing of the private practice of law has gone through a dramatic change: (1) the top 250 private law firms in the United States have lost over 10,000 jobs since the recession began in 2008; and (2) law firms shrank to profit growth during the recession. In addition, law firms have reorganized their structure to create a second tier of lawyers, whether partners or associates, who no longer are equity owners but now are employees. (3) There is outsourcing of some of the most basic and repetitious practices required in law firms—including work being done by non-lawyers. (4) There is wide use of technology and software to track and utilize enormous amounts of information on behalf of clients. This use of technology and computers replaces much of the labor performed by lawyers, especially in matters of e-discovery that now has overtaken much of the pre-trial discovery world and litigation. (5) Firms continue to move away from the venerable billable hours by lawyers, toward flatter fees, deferred and contingency fees, and particularly value billing concepts. (6) Highly specialized boutique law firms have been created that focus practice on one or a few narrow areas. (7) There is an increased influence of globalization as firms serve their clients with more international with branch offices throughout the world, demonstrating much more global competition among firms. (8) Law firm merger activity and firm dissolutions have increased. (9) Finally, there is the growth of non-law firm alternatives for low-end legal work, such as Legal Zoom and Robert Lawyer.

No lawyer today would disagree with the characterization that the practice of law, be it in the private sector or in the public sector, is going through a very large, structural transformation. Some praise, and others lament, that the practice has gone from a profession to a commodity based business.

8th Annual Junior Tax Scholars Workshop Concludes Today at Miami

The Eighth Annual Junior Tax Scholars’ Workshop concludes today at Miami:

Panel # 1: Distribution:

David Gamage (UC-Berkeley), On Double Distortion Arguments, Distribution Policy, and the Optimal Tax Mix
Commentators: Leigh Osofsky (Miami), Lily Faulhaber (Boston University)

Tracey Roberts (Seattle), Brackets: One Hundred Years of Graduated Rates
Commentators: Jason Oh (UCLA), Susannah Tahk (Wisconsin)

Jennifer Bird-Pollan (Kentucky), Wealth Transfer Taxes as a Tool to Achieve Equality of Opportunity: Rawls and the Estate Tax
Commentators: David Kamin (NYU), David Herzig (Valparaiso)

Panel #2: Legislation:

Jason Oh (UCLA), The Pivotal Politics of Temporary Legislation
Commentators: Jake Brooks (Georgetown), Kathleen DeLaney Thomas (North Carolina)

David Kamin (NYU), Baseless Baselines
Commentators: Tracey Roberts, Shuyi Oei

Andrew Blair-Stanek, Crisis-Proofing the Tax Code
Commentators: Susannah Tahk (Wisconsn), Leigh Osofsky (Miami)

Panel #3: Enforcement:

Leigh Osofsky (Miami), Microdeterrence
Commentators: David Herzig (Valparaiso), Shuyi Oei (Tulane)

Kathleen DeLaney Thomas (North Carolina), Taxpayer (Dis)Honesty: The Psychic Cost of Tax Evasion
Commentators: David Gamage (UC- Berkeley), David Kamin (NYU)

Emily Cauble (DePaul), Safe Harbors
Commentators: Andrew Blair-Stanek (Maryland), Randle Pollard (Indiana)

Panel #4: States:

Randle Pollard (Indiana), “Was the Deal Worth It?”: The Dilemma of States with Ineffective Economic Incentives Programs
Commentators: Tracey Roberts (Seattle), Andrew Blair Stanek (Maryland)

Lily Faulhaber (Boston University), Is Economic Equivalence Overrated by Economists or Underrated by Courts?: A Case Study of State-Level Tax Expenditures in the United States and European Union
Commentators: Omri Marian (Florida), Philip Hackney (LSU)

Susannah Tahk (Wisconsin), The Way You Tax Me: How Earmarking Tax Revenues Makes Taxes Flourish
Commentators: Jake Brooks (Georgetown), Jason Oh (UCLA)

Panel #5: International & Other:

Sam Brunson (Loyola-Chicago), Why the Revenue Rule?: Enforcing Foreign Tax Judgments
Commentators: Omri Marian (Florida), Khrista Johnson (Pepperdine)

Omri Marian (Florida), Consult Your Own Tax Advisor: Rethinking Tax Disclosure in Registered Offerings
Commentators: David Gamage (UC-Berkeley), Randle Pollard (Indiana)

Panel #6: Exempt Organizations:

Khrista Johnson (Pepperdine), The Charitable Deduction Games II: Catching Change
Commentators: Lily Faulhaber (Boston University), Emily Cauble (DePaul)

Ben Leff (American), Tax Planning for Marijuana Dealers
Commentators: Phil Hackney (LSU), Jennifer Bird-Pollan (Kentucky)

Phil Hackney (LSU), Zen and the Art of Regulating Business Leagues
Commentators: Ben Leff (American), Sam Brunson (Loyola-Chicago)

Panel #7: Specific Industries:

Shu-Yi Oei (Tulane), Federal User Fees in Agency, Political, and Business Context: The Case of Commercial Aviation
Commentators: Khrista Johnson (Pepperdin), Kathleen DeLaney Thomas (North Carolina)

Jake Brooks (Georgetown), Evaluating PAYE As a Tax
Commentators: Ben Leff (American), Jennifer Bird-Pollan (Kentucky

David Herzig (Valparaiso), Examining the Gasoline Tax
Commentators: Sam Brunson (Loyola-Chicago), Emily Cauble (DePaul)

Prior Junior Tax Scholars Workshops:

• 2006 (Colorado) (Day 1, Day 2)
• 2007 (Boston University) (Day 1, Day 2)
• 2008 (NYU) (Day 1, Day 2)
• 2009 (Brooklyn) (Day 1, Day 2)
• 2010 (Notre Dame) (Day 1, Day 2)
• 2011 (UC-Irvine) (Day 1, Day 2)
• 2012 (Boston University) (Day 1, Day 2)

Photo from the 2013 Junior Tax Scholars Workshop:

Continue reading "8th Annual Junior Tax Scholars Workshop Concludes Today at Miami"

Fleischer: Dear Apple

Victor Fleischer (Colorado; moving to San Diego), Dear Apple:

Apple Inc.
One Infinite Loop
Cupertino, CA
United States of America
Or maybe Ireland

Dear Mr./Ms. Apple,

I am writing to you at the request of Senator Rand Paul, who suggested that I apologize to you for investigating your offshore tax planning.

I should note at the outset that I wasn’t sure how to address this letter. Mr. Paul said to apologize to Apple, but I’m not sure if Apple is a person, and if so if you are a boy or a girl. I thought you were a company, but after hearing Mr. Paul tell the story of how you recovered from near death in the 1990s, maybe you are some kind of superhero.

I’m also not really sure where you live. You have an address in California, but your tax returns also claim residency in Ireland, except not really. So I hope this letter gets to you.

I have to say, the whole Ireland thing kind of sounded like a scam. I was relieved when your CEO, Timothy Cook, explained that you don’t use any tax gimmicks. A professor testifying at the hearing yesterday said that he nearly fell off his chair when he read Mr. Cook’s statement, but that’s probably because tax professors are known for being silly and theatrical. You should see what their conferences are like.

So, I apologize. In order to improve our service to you in the future, we are implementing two new changes in our customer service policy.

The first is a promise to do a better job of scheduling. If we have to mention taxes again, I’ll be sure to just add it to the agenda when your lobbyists drop by for a closed-door meeting. And I don’t mean to badger you, but Google and Microsoft spend a lot more money on lobbying, and we do offer special treatment for regular donors.

The second is a promise to stop holding Congressional tax investigations. The IRS never has enough to do, and they are pretty entrepreneurial. I’m sure they are competent to handle all of this on their own without our help or oversight.

Finally, I want to emphasize just how much we appreciate your willingness to comply with your legal obligation to pay taxes. If you think about it, taxes are really just a form of charitable giving. Our goal is to reach a high level of participation from both American and Irish corporations, and your donation in any amount makes a difference. We also welcome any in-kind donations in the form of iPhones and iPads.  My daughter knows how to use them.

I hope you can forgive us. In hindsight, we were cavalier in our efforts to find out more about how our tax system is or isn’t working. We know now that it’s not really any of our business, and promise to base any future tax legislation on naïve intuition and wild rhetoric instead of facts.

Your humble servants,

The United States Senate

P.S. At your earliest convenience, please let us know what stance we should take on immigration policy.

Annual “Taxes” Giving Pledge Form

☐ I wish to support the United States Government with a gift/pledge* of

☐ 35%   ☐ 15%   ☐ 5%   ☐ 0%   ☐ Other _____

* This gift may or may not be tax-deductible. Please consult your tax advisor.

The IRS Scandal, Day 14

• Blog of the Legal Times:  Zuckerman Lawyer Counsels IRS Official in Congressional Probe
• Bloomberg:  IRS’s Lerner May Have Waived Rights at Hearing, Issa Says
• Card Hub:  Ask The Experts: What to Make of the IRS "Tea Party" Scandal
• Foley & Lardner (Washington D.C.), IRS Targeting of Conservative Groups: A History, Overview and Status Report 
• The Hill:  Issa May Haul IRS’s Lerner Back
• The Hill:  Tempers Flare as GOP Questions Lew Over IRS Targeting Timetable
• National Review:  A Fifth of Obama
• National Review:  Firing Lois Lerner: Not Impossible, But Almost 
• National Review:  It Didn’t End: The IRS Is Still Stringing Conservative Groups Along
• National Review:  A Person of Privilege? Lois Lerner Was Too Clever by Half
• New York Times:  IRS Official Invokes 5th Amendment at Hearing
• New York Times:  Remaining Silent on the IRS
• New York Times:  Torches and Pitchforks for IRS but Cheers for Apple
• Politico:  Daniel Werfel, New IRS Chief, Says Agency Needs to Regain Public’s Trust
• Politico:  Darrell Issa Slams IRS Watchdog
• Politico:  Marco Rubio Calls for More IRS Hearings
• The Progressive Farmer:  Tea Party Isn't Only IRS Victim
• Wall Street Journal:  Did Lois Lerner Forfeit Her Fifth Amendment Privileges?
• Wall Street Journal:  Emails Offer New Details on IRS Targeting
• Wall Street Journal:  IRS’s Lerner Testimony: ‘I Did Not Break Any Laws’
• Wall Street Journal:  Why Did Lois Lerner Take the Fifth? Perhaps to Protect Herself from Obama
• Washington Post:  Former IRS Official Won’t Take Responsibility, by Dana Milbank
• Washington Post:  Lois Lerner Invokes Fifth Amendment, Says She Did Nothing Wrong
• Washington Post:  On IRS issue, Senior White House Aides Were Focused on Shielding Obama
• Weekly Standard:  Congressman Worries About 'Chilling Effect' of Scandal -- On IRS!
• Weekly Standard:  Liberals Turn on Lois Lerner, IRS
• Weekly Standard:  Dem. Rep.: 'There Will Be Hell to Pay' If IRS Doesn't Cooperate, Threatens 'Special Prosecutor'
• Wilmington News Journal op-ed:  Why the IRS Scandal Is Both Not as Bad, and Also Much Worse, Than It Seems, by Jan C. Ting (Temple)

Prior TaxProf Blog coverage:

Continue reading "The IRS Scandal, Day 14"

Law School Offers Second Chance for Admission to Applicants With 135 LSAT, 2.0 GPA

National Law Journal:  Law School Offers A Second Chance for Rejected Students, by Karen Sloan:

One law school is giving applicants who don't make the initial admissions cut a second chance to prove they have what it takes. And it's doing it for free.

The Lincoln Memorial University Duncan School of Law has introduced Admission Through Performance, allowing rejected applicants to enroll in a free, four-week course on the Federal Rules of Evidence taught by Duncan faculty. If the applicants do well, they can earn a spot in next year's 1L class. ...

Several other law schools offer so-called conditional admission programs. "Most of those other programs charge something, but we aren't charging anything for the course or the textbook," associate dean for academics April Meldrum said. "We expect that many of the students will not succeed, so we wanted to make sure that we weren't taking advantage of them." ...

Law schools nationally saw a 25% drop in applicants over the past two years, but Duncan's difficulties have been exacerbated by its lack of ABA accreditation. The ABA in late 2011 denied its initial accreditation bid, prompting a lawsuit that the school later dropped. Duncan has since reapplied for accreditation and a decision could come as soon as December, Meldrum said.

However, this year's crop of 77 graduates—the school's first—will be eligible to sit only for the Tennessee bar exam. (They would have been able to take the bar exam in any state had the school won ABA accreditation.)  During the litigation with the ABA, administrators said that the accreditation denial had hurt enrollment numbers and caused some students to transfer out. ... The school hopes to enroll a class of just 30 students next year. ...

To participate in the Admissions Through Performance program, prospects must already have applied to the law school and been denied, and must have scored 135 or higher on the LSAT and earned an undergraduates grade-point average of at least 2.0.

Tax Enforcement in Virtual Worlds

William E. Arnold, IV (J.D. 2013, Syracuse), Note, Tax Enforcement in Virtual Worlds--Virtually Impossible?, 40 Syracuse J. Int'l L. & Com. 187 (2012):

This Note will consider financial and social impacts that virtual worlds have had on various countries, specifically the United States and China. It will then discuss efforts that China, and to some extent, the U.S., have made to impose tax liability on virtual world sales. This Note then briefly discusses property interests tied to virtual items found in these worlds. Finally, an analysis of a sales-and-use tax and capital gains tax is employed to determine the feasibility of their application to a virtual world under U.S. tax law.

Ultimately, this Note demonstrates that, while it is conceivable to apply a sales-and-use tax, it is not feasible due to administrative considerations. Without a feasible tax scheme in virtual worlds, enforcement of regulations is unlikely. Thus, this Note argues that an effective tax regulation cannot be enforced on transactions stemming from scripted world games such as World of Warcraft. Since the ability to effectively administrate regulations is central to all tax systems, this Note concludes by demonstrating that other countries will also be unable to enforce a virtual tax regulation for similar reasons. For purposes of this Note, it is assumed that income generated from virtual worlds is taxable. 

Hickman: Don’t Overlook City of Arlington, Texas v. FCC

Kristin Hickman (Minnesota), Don’t Overlook City of Arlington, Texas v. FCC:

While many tax practitioners are understandably focused right now on the outcome of PPL Corp. v. Commissioner, in the wake of Mayo and Home Concrete, the tax community would be remiss if it did not also register the Supreme Court’s decision Monday in City of Arlington, Texas v. FCC, No. 11-1545. City of Arlington was not a tax case, but the decision represents a significant statement regarding the scope of Chevron deference with potential implications for future tax litigation. Plenty of administrative law scholars are and will be commenting on the case, but the opinions are nuanced, and careful consideration of the decision is worthwhile.

The question before the Court was whether a court should apply Chevron to review an agency’s determination of its own jurisdiction—an issue that had divided the circuits for some time. In an opinion written by Justice Scalia, a majority of five Justices answered this question in the affirmative. Justice Breyer wrote an opinion concurring in part and concurring in the judgment. Chief Justice Roberts wrote a dissenting opinion in which he was joined by Justices Kennedy and Alito.

Continue reading "Hickman: Don’t Overlook City of Arlington, Texas v. FCC"

NY Times: 'Artful Tax Dodger' Indicted for Failing to Report $12.5m Income on Sales of Fake Art to Fake Clients

New York Times:  Dealer at Center of Art Scandal Arrested on Tax Charges:

In a case of alleged forgeries that roiled the New York art market and led to a host of civil lawsuits, federal authorities on Tuesday declared a series of works sold as Modernist masterpieces to be fake and charged a little-known Long Island dealer at the center of the scandal with tax fraud.

Prosecutors charged that the dealer, Glafira Rosales, 56, of Sands Point, N.Y., failed to disclose $12.5 million that she had earned from the sale of the works and had never reported, as required, that she had Spanish bank accounts where she had hidden much of the proceeds.

“As alleged, Glafira Rosales gave new meaning to the phrase ‘artful dodger’ by avoiding taxes on millions of dollars in income from dealing in fake artworks for fake clients,” Manhattan United States Attorney Preet Bharara said in a statement announcing Ms. Rosales’s arrest.

The case drew attention in the art world because it illustrated the vulnerability of a market where value is based on authenticity but can be difficult for experts to determine with complete precision. Dealers who sold the works, often for millions of dollars, said they believed in their authenticity even after many of their clients began to challenge those assertions.

Houston Business & Tax Journal Publishes New Issue

The Houston Business & Tax Law Journal has published Vol. 12, Part 2 (2012):

• Beckett G. Cantley (Thomas Jefferson), Steering into the Storm: Amplification of Captive Insurance Company Compliance Issues in the Offshore Tax Crackdown, 12 Hous. Bus. & Tax L. J. 224 (2012)
• Frank H. Pedersen (NYU), Advancing the Study of Tax Complexity with the usability Model, 12 Hous. Bus. & Tax L. J. 282 (2012)
• Kristian Sullivan, Student Article, A Work in Progress: The Ever [or Never] Changing Role of the Machine-or-Transformation Test in Determinations of Patentable Subject Matter Under 35 U.S.C. § 101, 12 Hous. Bus. & Tax L. J. 362 (2012)
• David Wechsler, Student Article, The Indispensable Advisor: Why Communications with Certain Non-Parties Should Fall Within the Attorney-Client Privilege, 12 Hous. Bus. & Tax L. J. 388 (2012)

Taylor: Suppose FIRPTA Was Repealed?

Willard Taylor (Sullivan & Cromwell, New York), Suppose FIRPTA Was Repealed?, 14 Fla. Tax Rev. 1 (2013):

This article argues, as others have before, that the Foreign Investment in Real Property Tax Act of 1980 (or “FIRPTA”), or at least the provisions of FIRPTA relating to “United States real property holding corporations,” should be repealed. Their enactment in 1980 was misguided and in any event changes in the Internal Revenue Code since then have made the provisions obsolete. But if FIRPTA is repealed, in whole or in part, the article argues that the lack of parity between foreign investment in real property that is made directly or through a partnership, on the one hand, and foreign investment in a real estate investment trust (or a regulated investment company that invests in shares of real estate investment trusts) should be dealt with. Otherwise, repeal will exacerbate existing distortions (which were already pushed further by FIRPTA) resulting from the choice of the entity used to make an investment in US real property. The article also suggests that repeal of FIRPTA would provide an opportunity to look at the taxation of foreign investment in the United States more broadly and in particular the rules that tax income from U.S. real property. The tax treatment of inward investment is a generally neglected subject.

The article concludes by arguing against legislation that would keep the FIRPTA rules and simply expand provisions of present law that favor foreign investment through real estate investment trusts, such as the Real Estate Jobs and Investment Act of 2011.

More on Apple's Tax Planning

Following up on yesterday's post, Senate Holds Hearing Today on Apple's Tax Avoidance:

• Blog of the Legal Times:  Senators Question IRS Over Targeting Conservative Groups
• Bloomberg editorial:  Apple's Taxes Expose the Rotten U.S. Tax Code
• Bloomberg:  Apple CEO Cook Rebuts $9 Billion Tax-Avoidance Claim
• Bloomberg:  Google Joins Apple Avoiding Taxes With Stateless Income, by Jesse Drucker
• Bloomberg:  Tim Cook, Taxes, and Avoiding the Right Thing
• The Guardian:  Apple Chief Calls on U.S. Government to Slash U.S. Corporate Tax; Tim Cook Warns Congress That He Would Refuse to Repatriate $100bn Stashed Offshore Unless U.S. Severely Reduced its 35% Tax Rate
• The Hill:  Apple CEO Denies Using Tax ‘Gimmicks’
• The Hill:  Rand Paul: Senate Should Apologize to Apple for ‘Spectacle’ Hearing on Taxes
• National Law Journal:  Senators Grill Apple Executives About Tax Strategy
• National Review:  The Big Apple Circus: Apple Pays All the Taxes It Owes, and Congress Pretends It’s a Crime
• New York Times DealBook:  Finding the Economic Roots of Apple’s Taxable Product, by Victor Fleischer (San Diego)
• New York Times:  Even Before Apple Tax Breaks, Ireland’s Policy Had Its Critics
• New York Times:  For U.S. Companies, Money ‘Offshore’ Means Manhattan, by David Kocieniewski
• New York Times:  Disarming Senators, Apple Chief Eases Tax Tensions
• New York Times:  One Response to Apple Tax Strategy May Be to Copy It, by Floyd Norris
• Politico:  Apple’s Tim Cook Shines in D.C. Spotlight
• Politico:  Tim Cook Defends Apple Tax Policy
• Reuters:  Factbox: Apple, Amazon, Google and Tax Avoidance Schemes
• Wall Street Journal editorial:  The Apple Tax Diversion: Senators Beat Up a U.S. Success for Following the Tax Laws They Wrote
• Wall Street Journal:  Apple CEO Defends Tax Practices as Proper
• Wall Street Journal:  Apple CEO Tim Cook, Lawmakers Square Off Over Taxes
• Washington Post editorial:  Apple Is Shifting its Tax Burden

Henderson: Advice to University Presidents: Restructure Your Law Schools, or Close Them

National Law Journal, Law Schools: A Special Report:

• William D. Henderson (Indiana), The Calculus of University Presidents: Many Must Decide Between Two Difficult Paths: Tackle Law School Restructuring or Close Their Law Schools:

For the class entering law school in the fall of 2013, law school applicants have ebbed to a 30-year low. The collapse in demand for law school admission is producing profoundly serious business problems for a large proportion of U.S. law schools — problems that, for the moment, are hidden from public view as the resulting budgetary issues migrate from the dean's suite to the office of university presidents.

In a nutshell, central universities are being asked — or will be asked, in ways that will not inspire confidence in the current law school leadership — to provide a financial backstop so their law schools can enroll fewer students or offer more sizeable scholarships to fill the requisite number of seats. Because of the magnitude of the financial stakes involved — million-dollar shortfalls just for the upcoming fiscal year with no clear end in sight — this is as difficult a decision as a university president will ever face.

Below is the letter I would write to a university president who sought my advice on what to do. But the intended audience is law professors and practicing lawyers who seek to help their alumni institutions. For many of these readers, the best way to protect your law school is to make the university president's job easier by (1) coming to terms with the brutal facts, (2) honestly communicating your dilemma to the central administration and (3) proposing a solution that is realistic and potentially viable, even if the short- to medium-term tradeoffs are extraordinarily difficult and painful. ...

[C]losure may be the best long-term course for the university. One step short of closure may be rolling the law school into the College of Arts and Sciences under a newly created law department that can service the undergraduate population. Faculty teaching loads and salaries can be rationalized accordingly. This would permit a dramatically pared down J.D. program that could one day be rehabilitated.

The one militating factor is your faculty's willingness to restructure its curriculum and mindset. Law school graduates are not wanting for jobs because law is going away. Rather, the legal industry is suffering from a productivity imperative — both private citizens and wealthy corporations need better, faster, cheaper legal solutions. Delivery on this imperative requires a redesign of both the legal system and the migration away from customized legal services to standardized legal products.

The first hurdle in restructuring is the faculty tself embracing the need for change. The second hurdle is your own willingness to expand the scope of academic productivity. The most successful law schools in the future will be closely engaged with employers seeking to adapt to a rapidly changing industry. These same schools will also need to effectively collaborate with professionals from other disciplines, including systems engineering, information technology, finance, marketing and project management. Law faculties locked into the traditional positional competition over published legal scholarship are going to be unable to meet these heightened job demands. As the university president, you need to provide the law faculty with the latitude to adapt.

Frankly, saving your law school is going to require courage and leadership. Brace yourself for vilification. Even if you are successful, your efforts and intentions will not be appreciated for years to come. I do not envy your choices. I certainly wish you the best of luck — you will need it.

• Karen Sloan, Law for Laymen; Law Schools Hope to Fill Seats by Offering Master's Degrees
• Karen Sloan, Masters Programs Move Online
• Karen Sloan, A Place for Lawyers to Learn Executive Skills: Harvard, Georgetown Follow Business School Model

The IRS Scandal, Day 13

• Richard Epstein (NYU), The Real Lesson of the IRS Scandal
• ABC News:  First Conservative Groups File Suit Against IRS
• ABC News:  IRS ‘Blemish’ Prompts Scorn From Unappeased Senators
• Bloomberg:  Shulman’s Above-Fray Posture to Get Test From Issa in IRS Probe
• Bloomberg:  Sympathy for the IRS
• FactCheck.org:  Republican Overreach on IRS
• The Hill:  White House, Treasury Discussed How to Handle Disclosure of IRS Story
• L.A. Times:  IRS Officials Still Don't Have Full Explanation of Targeting
• L.A. Times:  IRS' Last Two Commissioners Deny Lying; Official to Take the 5th
• National Review:  Is the IRS Too Bog to Jail?
• National Review:  The Pinocchio Administration
• National Review:  True the Vote Files Suit Against the IRS
• National Review:  Washington All Along: D.c. Knew Exactly What Cincinnati Was Doing
• NBC News:  Ex-Cincy IRS Official Doubts Agency's Explanation for Tea Party Scandal
• New York Times op-ed:  Bring Back Ken Starr to Investigate IRS, by Bill Keller
• New York Times:  IRS Official Will Decline to Testify Before House Panel
• Politico:  Former IRS Chief Doug Shulman 'Dismayed' at Targeting
• Politico:  IG to Conduct New IRS Probe
• Politico:  White House Reveals New IRS Details
• Slate:  Stop Hating on the IRS, by Emily Bazelon
• Time:  Despite President Obama’s Optimism, No Quick Fix Likely For IRS
• U.s. News & World Report:  IRS, Congress Point Fingers About Who is to Blame for Scandal
• Wall Street Journal:  Activists Saw Vindication As IRS Controversy Erupted
• Wall Street Journal:  Director of IRS Unit Says She Won't Testify
• Wall Street Journal:  No Apologies From Former IRS Chief
• Wall Street Journal:  Spokesman: Obama Agrees With Counsel’s IRS Decision
• Wall Street Journal:  U.S. Treasury Was Told in Late April That IRS Officials Mulled Apology
• Washington Post:  Douglas Shulman Won’t Apologize — Yet, at Least
• Washington Post:  Internal IRS Probe Cited Same Problems With Approach to Conservative Groups in May 2012, House Aide Says
• Washington Post:  IRS Official Lois Lerner to Take the Fifth
• Washington Post:  IRS Scandal Focus of Senate Hearing
• Washington Post:  Watchdog Group Sues IRS for Stricter Tax-Exemption Rules
• Washington Post:  With More Clarity, White House Adds to Confusion on IRS

Prior TaxProf Blog coverage:

Continue reading "The IRS Scandal, Day 13"

House Holds Hearing Today on The IRS: Targeting Americans for Their Political Beliefs

The House Committe on Oversight and Government Reform holds a hearing today on The IRS: Targeting Americans for Their Political Beliefs at 9:30 a.m. EST (webcast here):

• Neal S. Wolin (Deputy Secretary, Treasury Department)
• J. Russell George (Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration)
• Lois Lerner (Director of Exempt Organizations, IRS)
• Douglas Shulman (Former Commissioner, IRS)

Boudreaux: The Impact Xat: A New Approach to Charging for Growth

Paul Boudreaux (Stetson), The Impact Xat: A New Approach to Charging for Growth, 43 U. Mem. L. Rev. 35 (2012):

At a time when the economy and the housing market rise and fall together, the phenomenon of impact fees complicates the construction of new housing across the nation. Although justified as a means of forcing new development to “pay its way” for the costs of government infrastructure necessitated by the new housing, impact fees typically are imposed in a way that makes them, in effect, a dubious population tax. Indeed, the typical fee does little to discourage costly suburban sprawl. This Article--using economic lessons from policies that discourage usage of scarce resources with light bulbs, bathrooms, and buildings--suggests a new policy course. The Article proposes an “impact xat” (a hybrid of a tax and fee) based on a combination of location and size of the housing, along with a conservation baseline to encourage close-in, affordable housing. If it were to replace the current system of property taxes, the impact xat could offer a simpler, fairer, and wiser path for the regulation of housing development in the twenty-first century.

Foreign Tax Credits and the P&G Decision

John P. Dombrowski (J.D. 2013, Toledo), Note, Foreign Tax Credits: The Recent Decision in Proctor & Gamble v. United States Allows Procedure to Override the Statutory Intent, 43 U. Tol. L. Rev. 405 (2013):

The crux of this article stems from a recent case, Proctor & Gamble (P&G) v. United States, in which a U.S. District Court denied the taxpayer’s otherwise meritorious claim for a foreign tax credit due to the court’s misinterpretations of the regulation’s requirements and potential avenues of relief available under tax treaties. Between the presentation of this case and its analysis, this article will give a general overview of the foreign tax credit system. This discussion will lead to the factors or merits used to determine whether a tax is compulsory and thus allowable as a foreign tax credit. The procedural requirements, which involve the invocation of a competent authority, and the two distinct definitions of competent authority, that exist in treaties and regulations will then be discussed. Lastly, the article analyzes the P&G case, a case in which a company’s alleged failure to exhaust competent-authority procedures barred it from receiving a foreign tax credit on an otherwise meritorious claim.

Steven Colbert on the IRS Scandal

The Colbert Report
Get More: Colbert Report Full Episodes,Indecision Political Humor,Video Archive

The Colbert Report
Get More: Colbert Report Full Episodes,Indecision Political Humor,Video Archive

(Hat Tip: Evelyn Brody.)

Formula Clauses After Wandry

Patrick J. Duffey (The Duffey Law Firm, Boca Raton, FL), Brian K. Duffey (The Duffey Law Firm, Boca Raton, FL) & Lee-ford Tritt (Florida), A Question of Value: The Evolution of Formula Clauses Through The Decades, 47 Real Prop. Tr.& Est. 467 L.J. (2013):

Wealthy families often use closely-held businesses to manage, preserve, and transfer wealth. These entities are difficult to value and, therefore, present estate planning and transfer challenges when owners attempt to give or sell portions of the business. Attorneys often use formula clauses to ensure predictability in the parties' expected tax liability. Recently, the Tax Court decided Wandry v. Commissioner [T.C. Memo. 2012-88 (Mar. 26, 2012)] in favor of the taxpayer, where the taxable transfer employed a defined value clause with a non-charitable valve. Until this decision, courts have endorsed only the use of charitable valves in conjunction with defined value clauses. This Article analyzes the Tax Court's decision in Wandry and attempts to fit it within well-established case law decided in the last century. Although Wandry was decided in favor of the taxpayer, this Article suggests that attorneys who step outside the boundaries of court-blessed formula clauses do so at their own risk.

Prior TaxProf Blog coverage:

• Wendy C. Gerzog (Baltimore), Wandering Far Afield With Defined Value Clauses, 135 Tax Notes 1171 (May 28, 2012)
• WSJ: Tax Court Blesses Tax-Free Technique for Parents to Transfer Family Business, Wealth to Their Children (Apr. 29, 2012)

Bartlett: The Bush Tax-Cut Failure

New York Times:  The Bush Tax-Cut Failure, by Bruce Bartlett:

Ten years ago this month, Congress enacted the third major tax cut of the George W. Bush administration. Its centerpiece was a huge cut in the tax rate on dividends. Historically, they had been taxed as ordinary income, but the Bush plan, enacted by a Republican Congress, cut that rate to 15 percent. The tax rate on ordinary income went as high as 35 percent.

This initiative originated with the economist R. Glenn Hubbard, who had been chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers when the proposal was sent to Congress. Mr. Hubbard was a strong believer that the double taxation of corporate profits – first at the corporate level and again when paid out as dividends – was a major economic problem. ...

In an op-ed article in The Washington Post on Nov. 16, 2001, he predicted that the soon-to-be-enacted 2002 tax cut, which President Bush signed on March 9, 2002, would “quickly deliver a boost to move the economy back toward its long-run growth path.”Mr. Hubbard predicted that it would create 300,000 additional jobs in 2002 and add half a percentage point to the real gross domestic product growth rate.

There is no evidence that the tax cut had any such effect. The unemployment rate remained above 5.7 percent all year, rising to 5.9 percent in November and 6 percent in December. The real G.D.P. growth rate fell each quarter of 2002, and by the fourth quarter growth was at a standstill. Hence the need for yet another big tax cut. ...

The Treasury Department issued a fact sheet on July 30 asserting that the decline in dividends had been a cause of the weak stock market and noting that dividend payouts had risen since enactment of the tax cut on May 28. Subsequent research, however, found that the increase in dividends was a short-term phenomenon and mainly at companies where stock options were a major form of executive compensation.

• Federal Reserve Board, How Did the 2003 Dividend Tax Cut Affect Stock Prices and Corporate Payout Policy? (2005)
• Federal Reserve Board, Executive Financial Incentives and Payout Policy: Firm Responses to the 2003 Dividend Tax Cut (2006)
• National Tax Journal, The Effect of the May 2003 Dividend Tax Cut on Corporate Dividend Policy: Empirical and Survey Evidence (2008)
• Federal Reserve Board, Effects of the 2003 Dividend Tax Cut: Evidence from Real Estate Investment Trusts (2010)
• U.S. Treasury Department, Office of Tax Analysis, Taxes and Financial Portfolio Choices: Evidence from the Tax Rate Reductions of the 2001 and 2003 Tax Acts (2011)
• UC-Berkeley, Capital Tax Reform and the Real Economy: The Effects of the 2003 Dividend Tax Cut (2013)

2013 Tax Filing Season: Processing, Refunds Down; e-File, IRS Web Site Use Up

IR-2013-52, More Taxpayers e-file from Home in 2013 (May 20, 2013):

Cumulative statistics comparing 5/11/12 and 5/10/13
Individual Income Tax Returns:	2012		2013		% Change
Total Receipts	135,473,000		134,349,000		-0.8
Total Processed	130,261,000		129,674,000		-0.5
E-filing Receipts:
TOTAL	112,089,000		113,954,000		1.7
Tax Professionals	70,344,000		70,380,000		0.1
Self-prepared	41,745,000		43,574,000		4.4
Web Usage:
Visits to IRS.gov	255,269,615		318,408,842		24.7
Total Refunds:
Number	102,522,000		101,082,000		-1.4
Amount	$277.180	Billion	$267.946	Billion	-3.3
Average refund	$2,704		$2,651		-2.0
Direct Deposit Refunds:
Number	79,308,000		79,880,000		0.7
Amount	$231.656	Billion	$228.467	Billion	-1.4
Average refund	$2,921		$2,860		-2.1

The IRS Scandal, Day 12

• Above the Law:  On the IRS Mess and What It Means to be a Lawyer
• American Spectator:  Obama and the IRS: The Smoking Gun?
• Bloomberg:  Obama’s Defense in IRS Case Is Pre-Election Ignorance
• CBS News:  Evidence Emerges that Obama Administration Official Knew of IRS Targeting During 2012 Campaign
• Dorf on Law:  Two Broader Lessons of the IRS/Tea Party "Scandal", by Mike Dorf (Cornell)
• The Hill:  Poll: Majority Believe IRS Targeting of Tea Party Was Intentional
• Human Events:  IRS and AP Scandals Cast a Big Chill on Free Speech, by Michael Barone
• Human Events:  White House Defends IRS Chief-Turned-ObamaCare Enforcer, by John Hayward
• Rush Limbaugh:  Goal of the IRS Scandal: Scare GOP Donors
• National Review:  Congress Audits its Own
• New York Times:  IRS Scandal: Questions and Answers
• Politico:  The White House’s Shifting IRS Account
• Wall Street Journal op-ed:  The IRS and the Drive to Stop Free Speech, by David Rivkin & Lee Casey
• Washington Post op-ed:  IRS Scandal Inspires a Kafka-esque Tale, by Richard Cohen
• Washington Post:  A bushel of Pinocchios for IRS’s Lois Lerner
• Weekly Standard:  IRS's Lerner Had History of Harassment, Inappropriate Religious Inquiries at FEC

Prior TaxProf Blog coverage:

Continue reading "The IRS Scandal, Day 12"

Avi-Yonah and Christians on Yesterday's PPL Decision

Reuven Avi-Yonah and Allison Christians share their thoughts on yesterday's U.S. Supreme Court decision in PPL Corp. v. Commissioner, No. 12-43 (U.S. May 20, 2013):

Reuven Avi Yonah (Irwin I. Cohn Professor of Law, University of Michigan Law School):

In PPL, the Supreme Court held unanimously that a British tax on privatized utility companies qualified as creditable despite not meeting the literal terms of the 1.901-2 regulations. This was a surprising decision from Justice Thomas because he is known for preferring a literal approach to reading the law. In fact, the last unanimous tax decision by the Court may have been Gitlitz, a 2001 decision by Justice Thomas applying a very literal reading to the Code (which was promptly reversed by Congress)

In any case, in my opinion PPL was correctly decided, for three reasons.

First, from a substance over form perspective the decision is clearly correct because as PPL argued in the majority of the cases the tax could be recast algebraically as a tax on profits. The fact that this reformulation did not work in a small number of cases, as argued in the amicus brief by Michael Graetz and his colleagues, should not affect the outcome because what matters is the overall character of the tax in the common situation it applies. Second, the 901 regulation does not define excess profit tax and this should leave the Court ample room to define it in any way it wants without regard to the three prong test for income taxes. Finally, as I have argued as a policy matter the credit should be allowed to give countries maximum freedom to fashion their tax laws without worrying about creditability.

The decisions main impact may be not be on the narrow issue it addresses, which is unlikely to come up again in this form, but rather on tax reform. Because the main territoriality proposals abolish the indirect credit under 902, and because the decision expands creditability, it makes tax reform more plausible as a revenue raiser. Whether this will be enough to persuade Congress to adopt territoriality despite the risk that it will prompt companies like Apple (whose CEO is testifying on this subject today before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations) to shift more profits overseas remains to be seen.

Allison Christians (H. Heward Stikeman Chair in Tax Law, McGill University, Faculty of Law):

The Supreme Court unanimously decided in favor of the taxpayer with respect to the creditability of a foreign tax in PPL Corp & Subsidiaries v. Commissioner, released yesterday. In an opinion authored by Justice Thomas with a concurrence from Justice Sotomayor, the Court held that PPL Corp., a US company that owned a large interest in a UK energy company, is allowed to credit against its US income tax an amount paid as a “windfall tax” to the UK government in 1997. The ruling reverses the judgment of the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, siding instead with the Tax Court and the Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit in Entergy Corp. & Affiliated Subsidiaries v. Commissioner, 683 F. 3d 233.

The case settles a circuit split but it leaves unresolved interpretive issues concerning Reg § 1.901-2(a)(1), which defines when a foreign tax is creditable for US purposes. The most discussed interpretive issue will likely be that involving the role of “outliers” in determining the predominant character of a tax, which Paul Clement focused on in his oral argument on behalf of PPL Corp. and which amici argued on both sides. The outlier issue is fairly simple to understand but, despite receiving direct attention in the decision in this case, is perhaps not wholly resolved. The issue turns on what the regulations mean when they say that “a tax either is or is not an income tax, in its entirety, for all persons subject to the tax.”

According to a tax professors’ amici brief led by Prof. Anne Alstott, this language means that no one taxpayer can be dismissed as an outlier: that a tax can only be an income tax if it acts as an income tax with respect to every taxpayer. But according to the taxpayer, and now according to the Supreme Court, some “outliers” can apparently be ignored so long as, for the most part, the tax acts like an income tax with respect to most taxpayers. At oral argument, Justice Kagan appeared to strongly disagree with this position, as discussed here, but she contributed no written opinion in the case. Justice Sotomayor also appeared disinclined to this position at oral argument, and her concurring opinion in the PPL decision leaves plenty of room for speculation as to how the Government might try to distinguish a future case from PPL.

But even though it will likely be the most discussed feature of the case, the outlier issue is not the only interpretive gloss to emerge here. Justice Thomas also introduced a small but potentially interesting twist on the habitual presentation of the last clause of the “predominant character” rule; namely, the part that requires the foreign tax to be an income tax “in the US sense.”

Justice Thomas explains in the decision that this clause means that “foreign tax creditability depends on whether the tax, if enacted in the US, would be an income, war profits, or excess profits tax” [emphasis added]. These italicized words present what might be viewed as a hardly noteworthy deviation from past jurisprudence, which generally seems to simply repeat verbatim the regulatory language before going on to discuss the longstanding doctrine starting with Biddle v. Commissioner, as Justice Thomas does in the present decision.

Thus, it is quite possible that the slight reworking of the language is completely immaterial. One could well argue that there is no meaningful difference between a tax that is an income tax “in the US sense” and one that would be an income tax “if enacted in the US.” But we in tax know how much can turn on a single word in a statute or a regulation, and even in a single punctuation mark. Perhaps it does not strain credulity too much to take this new language seriously as a gloss, and query what it might mean.

Justice Thomas looks at the tax in question and effectively asks, would it look like an income tax if it were enacted in the US? It is not too far of a leap to go from asking that question to asking whether, if Congress enacted a tax like this, it could survive constitutional challenge as an allowable tax under the 16^th amendment, whether it is a direct tax or an indirect tax, and what the constitutional implications of that decision might turn on, and so on, down the rabbit hole of constitutional parameters and permissions on taxation in America.

We can well imagine that many tax law professors and perhaps many practitioners as well could choose to have a lot of fun with the UK windfall tax if Congress tried to enact it as an income tax. Thus it is at least arguable that Justice Thomas’ suggestion that the tax would have to be an income tax if it were enacted in the US might ultimately prove to be a more, rather than less, strict analysis than that traditionally accorded to the “US sense” language.

Thus a small and perhaps insignificant interpretive step it may be, but fortunes have been made and lost on less distinction, as we in the tax community are all too aware.

You can view my more extensive opinion recap on SCOTUSblog some time later in the day today.

Update:  SCOTUSblog:  Opinion Analysis: U.S. Underwrites U.K. Tax on Privatized Energy Industry, by Allison Christians (McGill)

Graduation Day

Reed Caron, B.S. Mathematics, Grinnell College:

For more on my journey with my son, see:

• Off to the Ranch (July 1, 2005)
• Goodbye Sandy (June 6, 2006)
• Happy 16th Birthday, Reed (June 25, 2006)
• Opening Day and the Passage of Time (Apr. 2, 2007)
• A Father's Strange Bliss (Apr. 16, 2007)
• The Tax Prof Circle of Life (May 13, 2007)
• Schadenfreude at the Hampton Inn (Oct. 5, 2008)
• Belated Thanksgiving (Dec. 1, 2008)
• Graduation Day (June 5, 2009)
• Breakthrough Cincinnati (Aug. 1, 2009)
• A Bittersweet Day (Aug. 17, 2009)
• The Reach of the Blogosphere (Sept. 2, 2009)
• The Good and the Bad in Sports (Nov. 7, 2009)
• Off to the Big Dance (Nov. 9, 2009)
• Tax Stories in Paradise (Mar. 22, 2010)
• Farewell, Malibu (Mar. 30, 2010)
• Sending Your Child Into a Hurricane (July 4, 2010)
• Farewell, San Diego! (July 28, 2010)
• GOOOAAALLL!!! (Oct 31, 2010)
• What Does $49,144 Tuition Buy? A Mohawk. (Oct. 3, 2011)
• Farewell, 3810 Miami Road (Aug. 10, 2012)
• GOOOAAALLL!!! (Sept. 4, 2012)
• The Last Game (Nov. 3, 2012)
• Our Christmas Gift (Dec. 23, 2012)

Senate Holds Hearing Today on Apple's Tax Avoidance

The Senate Permanent Committee on Investigations holds a hearing today on Offshore Profit Shifting and the U.S. Tax Code - Part 2 (Apple Inc.):

Panel #1:
J. Richard Harvey (Villanova
Stephen E. Shay (Harvard)

Panel #2:
Timothy D. Cook (Chief Executive Officer, Apple)
Peter Oppenheimer (Senior Vice President & Chief Financial Officer, Apple)
Phillip A. Bullock (Head of Tax Operations, Apple)

Panel #3:
Mark J. Mazur (Assistant Secretary for Tax Policy, U.S. Treasury Department)
Samuel M. Maruca (Director, Transfer Pricing Operations, Large Business & International (LB&I) Division, IRS) 

Documents and press coverage:

• Memorandum from Sn. Levin & Sen. McCain
• Apple Statement
• Sen. Levin Press Release
• Bloomberg, Apple CEO to Take on Lawmaker Statements on Tax Avoidance
• Bloomberg, Apple Urges Simpler U.S. Tax Code Ahead of Senate Hearing
• Christian Science Monitor, Apple 'Tax Gimmicks': Rotten to the Core or Sensible Business?
• Citizens for Tax Justice, Apple Holds Billions of Dollars in Foreign Tax Havens
• Forbes, Apple Explains Position On U.S. Taxes as CEO Cook Prepares for Senate Hearing
• Forbes, Apple Used Loopholes To Skip Paying U.S. Taxes On $44 Billion In Offshore Income, Senate Committee Claims
• The Guardian, Senators Accuse Apple of 'Highly Questionable' Billion-Dollar Tax Avoidance Scheme
• L.A. Times, Apple Skirts U.S. Taxes, Panel Finds
• New York Times, Apple’s Web of Tax Shelters Saved It Billions, Panel Finds
• New York Times, Senate Panel Is Expected to Castigate Apple on Tax Tactics
• Politico, Apple Prepares for Washington Onslaught
• Politico, Senate Investigators: Apple Sheltered $44 Billion From Taxes
• Reuters, Apple's Stateless Subsidiaries Lower Tax Bills -- Senate Report
• Tax Foundation:  U.S. Multinationals Paid More Than $100 Billion in Foreign Income Taxes
• Wall Street Journal, Apple Avoided Taxes on Overseas Billions, Senate Panel Finds
• Washington Post, Apple Avoids Taxes With ‘Complex Web’ of Offshore Entities, Senate Inquiry Finds

Senate Holds Hearing Today on The IRS Scandal

The Senate Finance Committee holds a hearing today on A Review of Criteria Used by the IRS to Identify 501(c)(4) Applications for Greater Scrutiny:

• Steven T. Miller (Former Acting Commissioner, IRS)
• J. Russell George (Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration)
• Douglas Shulman (Former IRS Commissioner) 

Press and blogosphere coverage:

• The Hill, IRS Officials on Hot Seat at Senate Finance Committee
• New York Times, Senate Panel Asks IRS Chief to Detail Communications With White House
• Politico, Max Baucus, Orrin Hatch Expand IRS Probe
• Wall Street Journal, Bipartisan Push in Senate for IRS Documents
• Washington Post, Senators Ask Ex-IRS Chief to Detail Communications with White House

Avant-Garde Art and the VAT

Rachel J. Tischler (J.D. 2013, Brooklyn), Note, "The Power to Tax Involves the Power to Destroy": How Avant-Garde Art Outstrips the Imagination of Regulators, and Why a Judicial Rubric Can Save It, 77 Brook. L. Rev. 1665 (2012):

This note will begin in Part I with brief overviews of Minimalist Art and Conceptual Art, paying particular attention to the public reception of⎯and reactions to⎯shifting trends in artworks over time and geography. Part II will give a brief explanation of the legislative systems at work in the European Community, as well as an introduction to the European value-added tax system. Part III of this note will discuss various instances of courts, both in the United States and abroad, attempting to navigate the intersection of artwork and customs duties and taxation. Part IV will explore various approaches to protection for conceptual and visual artworks, giving special attention to problems encountered by the more difficult cases. That part will conclude with a suggested method for evaluation and classification of artworks that can be applied by courts and legislators, domestically and abroad, that leaves intact both the artists’ intentions and their artworks’ integrity. This note will conclude with a brief discussion of how similar VAT or flat-tax systems implemented in the United States could lead to comparable difficulties in U.S. courts and legislatures.

Supreme Court Unanimously Reverses Third Circuit, Says PPL Can Claim Foreign Tax Credit for U.K. Windfall Tax

The U.S. Supreme Court today unanimously reversed the Third Circuit (665 F. 3d 60) and agreed with the taxpayer that the United Kingdom's Windfall Tax is a tax on income and thus qualifies for the § 901 foreign tax credit.  PPL Corp. v. Commissioner, No. 12-43 (U.S. May 20, 2013).

• Fox News, Supreme Court Rules Utilities Can Claim U.S. Tax Credit on U.K. Windfall Tax
• Reuters, U.S. Justices Rule for PPL Corp in Overseas Tax Case
• Wall Street Journal, Supreme Court Rules Utilities Can Claim U.S. Tax Credit on U.K. Windfall Tax

Prior TaxProf Blog coverage:

• Jacob Goldin (Ph.D. Candidate (Economics), Princeton University), Reconsidering Substance Over Form in PPL, 137 Tax Notes 1229 (Dec. 17, 2012)
• Tax Prof Amicus Brief in PPL Corp. v. Commissioner (Jan. 27, 2013)
• Reuven S. Avi-Yonah (Michigan), Should the U.S. Dictate World Tax Policy? Reflections on PPL Corporation v. Commissioner (Feb. 6, 2013)
• Michael Knoll (Pennsylvania), Economic and Legal Arguments in PPL v. Commissioner (Feb. 15, 2013)
• Supreme Court Hears Oral Argument in PPL Corp. v. Commissioner (Feb. 21, 2013)
• Patrick J. Smith (Ivins, Phillips & Barker, Washington, D.C.), PPL: How to Determine Whether a Foreign Tax is Creditable, 138 Tax Notes 1351 (Mar. 18, 2013)
• Jordan M. Barry (San Diego), Explanation of Issues in PPL v. Commissioner, ABA Preview of U.S. Supreme Court Cases, Vol. 40, Issue 5, pp. 201-04

When a Wife Earns More Than Her Husband

Marianne Bertrand (University of Chicago, Booth School of Business), Jessica Pan (National University of Singapore, Department of Economics) & Emir Kamenica (University of Chicago, Booth School of Business), Gender Identity and Relative Income Within Households:

We examine causes and consequences of relative income within households. We establish that gender identity { in particular, an aversion to the wife earning more than the husband - impacts marriage formation, the wife's labor force participation, the wife's income conditional on working, marriage satisfaction, likelihood of divorce, and the division of home production. The distribution of the share of household income earned by the wife exhibits a sharp cli at 0.5, which suggests that a couple is less willing to match if her income exceeds his. Within marriage markets, when a randomly chosen woman becomes more likely to earn more than a randomly chosen man, marriage rates decline. Within couples, if the wife's potential income (based on her demographics) is likely to exceed the husband's, the wife is less likely to be in the labor force and earns less than her potential if she does work. Couples where the wife earns more than the husband are less satised with their marriage and are more likely to divorce. Finally, based on time use surveys, the gender gap in non-market work is larger if the wife earns more than the husband.

French Tax Rate on Wealthy Exceeds 100%

Reuters:  Taxes on Some Wealthy French Top 100% of Income:

More than 8,000 French households' tax bills topped 100 percent of their income last year, the business newspaper Les Echos reported on Saturday, citing Finance Ministry data.

The newspaper said that the exceptionally high level of taxation was due to a one-off levy last year on 2011 incomes for households with assets of more than 1.3 million euros ($1.67 million).

President Francois Hollande's Socialist government imposed the tax surcharge last year, shortly after taking office, to offset the impact of a rebate scheme created by its conservative predecessor to cap an individual's overall taxation at 50 percent of income.

Hymel: Environmental Tax Policy in the U.S.

Mona L. Hymel (Arizona), Environmental Tax Policy in the United States: A 'Bit' of History, 3 Ariz. J. Envtl. L. & Pol'y 157 (2013):

This Article discusses the history of U.S. environmental tax policy. Well, not really “environmental tax policy,” because only a few decades of “environmental tax policy” history exist. If environmental tax policy addresses the development of new energy sources — “environmentally friendly” energy — this Article analyzes the “non-environmental” tax history of our old energy sources, primarily oil and gas (not “environmentally friendly”). Through a historical analysis of federal tax incentives and subsidies used to build the existing energy industry, the Article demonstrates that the United States must provide significant investment incentives in renewable and alternative energy technology if we hope to achieve a sustainable society. This historical analysis chronicles not only the development of tax laws, but also corresponding changes in American lifestyles. Americans’ appetite for technology and mobility (highly dependent upon fuel energy) began long before the implementation of the federal tax laws. Yet substantial government support provided to the burgeoning fossil fuel industry complemented the dramatic changes in the American way of life.

American consumption shows no signs of slowing down — yet. But without a dramatic shift away from fossil fuels, the entire world may come to an abrupt halt. Just as the government invested in oil and gas, it must now invest in new energy sources. In a sense, Americans need history to repeat itself.

Aprill: PowerPoint Slides on Political Activity, Private Benefit and Tax-Exempt Organizations

Ellen Aprill (Loyola-L.A.) has graciously allowed me to share two sets of PowerPoint slides from recent presentations she has made on:

• Primer on Political Activity by 501(c) and 527 Organizations
• Section 501(c)(4) and Private Benefit

Marineau: International Corporate Tax Reform

Paul K. Marineau (Thomas Cooley), International Corporate Tax Reform: It's Time to "Walk-the-Talk" (No More Platypuses, Please), 40 Syracuse J. Int'l L. & Com. 29 (2012):

it is the position of this article that a well-designed and comprehensive full-inclusion tax system for taxing a U.S. corporation's foreign-source income is the most efficient and effective tax system for accomplishing the many stated objectives outlined by Congress and recited above. Prior to delving into the full-inclusion tax system, this article will provide an overview of the current worldwide deferral tax system for taxing corporate foreign-source income and evaluate the proposed territorial tax system contained in the discussion draft of the Tax Reform Act of 2011.

Bergin: The IRS Is in Big Trouble

Christopher E. Bergin (President and Publisher, Tax Analysts), The IRS Is in Big Trouble, 139 Tax Notes 951 (May 20, 2013):

Bergin discusses the catastrophic ramifications of the IRS’s recent apology for mishandling the applications of conservative exempt organizations and how things might be worse for the agency now than they were after the 1998 restructuring act.

All Tax Analysts content is available through the LexisNexis® services.

The IRS Scandal: Really?!

(Hat Tip: Ann Murphy.)

The IRS Scandal, Day 11

• Daily Beast:  The IRS Will Come for You Next, Unless Congress Acts Now
• Business Insider:  How One Overworked IRS Worker Ignited The Tea-Party Targeting Scandal
• Forbes:  6 Questions Everyone Should Ask the IRS, by Robert W. Wood
• The Hill:  Paul Ryan:  IRS Targeting Scandal Reveals ‘Big Government Cronyism’
• The Hill:  Rangel Worries Honest IRS Agents Are Now ‘Getting a Bad Shake’
• The Hill:  Sen. Portman: IRS Will Need Special Counsel
• New York Times:  The IRS King
• Politico:  Pfeiffer Defends IRS Handling
• Politico:  IRS Special Counsel Debated
• Wall Street Journal:  Obama's Counsel Told of IRS Audit Findings 
• Washington Examiner:  Anonymous Cincinnati IRS Official: “Everything Comes from the Top”
• Washington Post:  How the IRS Seeded the Clouds in 2010 for a Political Deluge Three Years Later
• Washington Post:  IRS Scandal: Fair play or Foul Play?
• Washington Post:  Obama Senior Adviser Blasts IRS
• Washington Times:  White House Aide: ‘Nothing That Suggests’ IRS Official at Center of Scandal 'Did Anything Wrong’

Prior TaxProf Blog coverage:

• IRS Admits to Targeting Conservative Groups in 2012 Election (May 10, 2013)
• WaPo and WSJ Agree: IRS Targeting of Conservatives Is Appalling (May 11, 2013)
• Schmalbeck on the IRS 'Targeting' of Conservative Groups (May 12, 2013)
• The Deepening IRS Scandal (May 13, 2013)
• The IRS Scandal, Day 5 (May 14, 2013)
• Jon Stewart and Vic Fleischer on the IRS Scandal (May 14, 2013)
• Inspector General: Ineffective IRS Management Allowed Agents to Target Conservative Groups (May 14, 2013)
• The IRS Scandal, Day 6 (May 15, 2013)
• Ellen Aprill, The TIGTA Report on the IRS Scandal: Questions About the IRS and About the Report (May 15, 2013)
• Phillip Hackney, The TIGTA Report on the IRS Scandal: Be on the Lookout for False Partisan Witchunts (May 15, 2013)
• The IRS Scandal, Day 7 (May 16, 2013)
• The IRS Scandal, Day 8 (May 17, 2013)
• The IRS Scandal, Day 9 (May 18, 2013)
• The IRS Scandal, Day 10 (May 19, 2013)

WSJ: Law Schools Turn to Non-J.D. Students to Make Up for Enrollment Shortfall

Wall Street Journal:  More Often, Nonlawyers Try Taste of Law School:

Law schools hunting for students as their enrollment numbers drop are increasingly trying to attract an unexpected group: people who have no intention of practicing law.

Doctors, environmental consultants and even an urban planner have signed up for the programs, which offer master's degrees in law and typically cost about the same as one year of law school.

Pitched at midcareer professionals, the programs tend to draw people who work in heavily regulated fields where compliance with a growing body of rules requires an increasingly sophisticated understanding of the law. Some students also hope to gain a competitive edge. ...

Student enrollment in programs that don't offer a juris doctor, or J.D.—the traditional three-year-law degree—has increased 13% since 2010, according to a Wall Street Journal analysis of American Bar Association data. ...

"Adding new degree programs is like a company diversifying its product lines. If demand for one sags, you've still got alternative sources of revenue coming in," said Paul McGreal, dean of the University of Dayton School of Law, which now offers master's degrees for nonlawyers and practicing attorneys alike. ... Barry Currier, the ABA's managing director of accreditation and legal education, said more non-J.D. programs are popping up now for two reasons: They can generate revenue for schools, and they respond to market needs for people with specialized training.

Update:

• ABA Journal, Schools Market to Mid-Career Professionals as Fewer Traditional Students Seek Law Degrees
• Above the Law, Law Schools Target New Students To Fleece

TaxProf Blog Weekend Roundup

Saturday:

• Sense and Sensibility: Estate Planning Lessons From Jane Austen
• WSJ:  Tax Court Slaps Down IRAs Holding 'Alternative Assets'
• The IRS Scandal, Day 9
• FATCA:  Toward a Multilateral Automatic Information Reporting Regime

Sunday:

• SNL on the IRS Scandal
• The IRS Scandal, Day 10
• Top 5 Tax Paper Downloads
• Benefit Corporations and the Business Expense Deduction